The Linked List

The Stack

The Queue

Analysing Linked Lists, Stacks, and Queues

What is Debugging?

The Debugging Process

C++ Debugging Tools

What is Profiling?

The Profiling Process

Various Life Cycles of a Thread

Thread Synchronization

Thread Communication

Executor Framework

Thread Safety

Deadlock in Multithreading

1. Getting Started with Java Development Kit (JDK)

2. Getting yourself a suitable Development Environment

3. Optional: Version Control System

Web Storage APIs: Local Storage and Session Storage

What is Web Storage?

Local Storage

// Store data

localStorage.setItem("username", "john_doe");



// Retrieve data

let username = localStorage.getItem("username");



// Remove data

localStorage.removeItem("username");

Session Storage

//store data

sessionStorage.setItem("sessionId", "12345");



//get data

let sessionId = sessionStorage.getItem("sessionId");



//delete data

sessionStorage.removeItem("sessionId");

How Local Storage Differs from Session Storage

How to write an email

Formal vs informal email

Recipient

Subject line

Tone

Language

Greetings

Discuss important things

Complimentary closer

Email Signature

Enclosures

Use email templates

Anki

Wordreference.com

Forvo

VOA Learning English

iTalki

Verbling

VoiceThread

Lang 8

LingQ

Grammarly Keyboard

Listen to audiobooks

Read legal texts

Listen to podcasts

Networking

Common legal terms that you should know

Difference between a report and a proposal

Formats of proposal and report

How to write good reports or proposals

Things to Include in a Cover letter

Things to include in a resume

It is especially important to learn English vocabulary and grammar. However, knowing the grammar does not help in saying the sentence with stress and intonation; otherwise, it sounds awkward and unclear. Intonation and stress are the music of language that native speakers have when communicating ideas, emotions, and intentions.

In this article, we will consider the ways in which intonation and stress in the English language function and how you can work on these aspects to improve your quality and expressiveness.

What is Intonation?

When we talk about intonation, we refer to the upwards and downward movement of the voice during speech. It's one of the essential features of the communication in English as it helps convey more than just the simple words that are being spoken. It conveys emotion, adds meaning, attitude and even has the ability to alter the context of a particular phrase based on its application.

For example, consider a situation where you want to indicate several sentences.

• You are going to the party. (Tends to be an obvious statement)


• You are going to the party? (This sounds like a question)


• You are going to the party?! (the speaker cannot believe it)

In every possible sentence, the words contained therein are identical but their intonation has a different sound meaning and we can also consider it from world view perspective.

The Three Types of Intonation Used in Speech

• Rising Intonation: The highest voice pitch has an upward movement. This is usually the case with yes/no questions.


• Example: Are you going?


• Falling Intonation: The highest pitch drops, a feature of assertions as well "wh" type questions who, what, where, when, why, how.


• Example: He is going to London.


• Example: When does the train depart?


• Fall-Rise Intonation: Voice in this case falls then rises. This may express doubt, related to a certain degree of politeness, or simply surprise for unknown reasons.


• Example: I thought you didn't like ice cream… (implying a question of doubt).

The Intonation And Its Relation to the Communication Context

Emphasis is not the end of intonation, it can also be used to interpret meaning. In English, intonation can serve to signal whether the statement that was made is a question, or a claim, highlight an important part of a sentence, and so forth.

Statement vs. question

The functional phrases however illustrate how intonation is able to change Yes/No Statements to Yes/No Questions. For example:

• You're going. (lowering intonation, speaker is asserting a fact.)


• You're going? (raising intonation, asking for reassurance).

In both cases, intonation is the only distinguishing feature, as words are not altered and stay the same. If a learner attempts to pose a question and uses descending intonation, it is possible that the learner is extending a relative but "appearing" as an interrogative which is erroneous.

The "Implied Question"

Intonation is a tool that helps English speaking persons express a particular intention without asking a question. Consider:

• You're going to the meeting today. (lowering intonation conveys that this is a fact.)


• You're going to the meeting today? (fall rise intonation that depicts incredulousness or doubt and playwright for more information)

Similarly, learners who do understand these times of intonation are doing this overriding the urge of the overstatement that sounds too direct or even harsh.

Understanding Word Stress

Word stress is defining which one of the syllables in a word is regarded as more emphatic than the others. Take, for example, the word record, the accentuated first syllable (RE-cord) makes the word a noun in the context of sound recording. If the second syllable (re-CORD) is the 'emotion,' then the word is used in the context of a 'verb' which is a recording.

There are several learners who have not realized how word stress can help with clarity of communication. When stress is misplaced, even if every word is pronounced correctly, it has the potential of getting listeners confused.

How to Mark the Word Stress in Sounds

In many dictionaries, the word stress is usually represented with an apostrophe that appears just before the vowel for which syllable the stress comes, such as in the word attention /əˈtɛnʃən/ where the second syllable –tion is stressed.

Below are a few tips on word stress:

• Two syllable nouns and adjectives: the more stressed syllable is the first.


• Example: TAble, PREtty


• Two syllable verbs and prepositions: the second syllable tends to be more stressed.


• Example: to reLAX, to aRRIVE

Although these rules apply most of the time, many exceptions are noted in English so it is prudent to learn the appropriate stress forms when coming across new vocabulary.

Sentence Stress: wave patterns in the form of prosody

Sentence stress involves the individual drawing attention to certain words within a sentence for the sake of enhancing its meaning or relaying the most pertinent information. In the English language, and pompous denotes a stress on content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs) whilst function words (prepositions, articles, auxiliary verbs) are unconcerned with stress and are usually left unstressed.

In the following example:

I'm GOING to the STORE to BUY some MILK. In this case, main pieces of information (going, store, buy, milk) are under stress, while other less important words (I'm, to, the, some) are all unstressed.

Stress for Emphasis

There are different ways to put sentence stress depending on the context of the situation that one wants to focus on more:

• I didn't say he stole the money (focus on didn't, some other person probably said it)


• I didn't say he stole the money (focus on he, someone else could have stolen it)


• I didn't say he stole the money. (focus on money, maybe something else was stolen)

The meaning that a sentence has will, in many cases, depend on the word which is stressed and thus pronouncing the correct word will convey the needed message. Never the less some speakers that might have a different primary language sometimes get confused and stress the word of the sentence wrongly. As a result, the listener can have an incorrect understanding of the content of the message/speech.

Intonation in different types of speech

Declarative Sentences

Typically, sentences that have some form of general statement or a declaration; falling intonation is the norm in English-speaking countries. For example:

• I'm going to the store.


• She lives in Paris.

It follows that this type of intonation creates a feeling of completeness and conclusive nature of the uttered sentence. Extreme cases involve learners using a rising intonation in these cases when they are not asking a question or confirming something. Most of these cases usually attract widespread criticism as it means a lack of control and understanding of the second language.

Yes/No Questions

More often than not when yes/no questions are asked more often than not a rising intonation goes hand in hand most especially in informal speech.

• Do you reside here?


• Is she coming along with us?

But, when talking about some obscene aspects of linguistic behaviour such as in formal situation of some yes no questions they do use a falling intonation as it sounds polite or less direct: A falling intonation sound how the appropriate way to say it sometimes is, may I borrow your pen?

Words that begin with 'wh' – Questions.

• Where do you plan on going?


• What was it that you said?

In English both yes and no questions are similar in intonation yes I am, how wonderful, and the response is not admiration, although both forms of the questions would sound more different than the rest.

Authoritative voice or command in linguistics.

Somebody can tell you precisely what to do whom to stop talking or to close the door permanently if they want…and they will say stop or close the door in an imperative manner and anyhow prepositions won't save anybody from that something strong.

Something very strong or dire.

…So Young lady would you mind passing me the salt would sound more direct than normal bland and humble.

Practical exercises: how to develop intonation and stress overriding muscle memory.

It is easier to theorize stress patterns and intonations than to begin to pour into practice and get results. And such practices include shadowing and repetition in the beginning.

Unique or rather effective teaching style.

Even the word itself means to smarter than you are shadowing and there are no mistakes in that range – a "native" speaker will say, and A recording is a simple repetition of what you listen.

Repetition

Repetition is good for reinforcing stress placement and intonation. Take a sentence for example, I didn't say he stole the money, and repeat it different times placing stress on a different word. Record that such things, listen to your performing and the text of your recordings to see how this certain stress "changes" your utterance.

Listening to the Natural Speech

If someone knows how to regularly watch native speakers, and in particular, such contexts as TV, shows, podcasts or interviews, It is easier to learn because it allows concentrating on a specific point and hearing details such as changes of intonation or stress. If someone knows how to speak, they listen to such sounds as the up and down movement of a voice, where stress is placed and so on.

When English intonation and stress comes into play, learners do not view English in terms of its phonological mechanics of articulation but rather in the context of active self-expression. Intonation and stress, in the context of language are the ingredients that enhance language and make it functional.

Knowing Tenses: The Present, The Past, The Future

In the process of learning English, the most crucial concept that needs to be remembered is that of the tenses. Tenses help us understand when a certain action is conducted, be it in the present, in the past or in the future. Grasping tenses enhances clear and precise communication. The English language consists of three core tenses that are: Present, Past, Future. However there are different forms of each of these tenses, depending on the time period in which the action occurs.

1. Present Tense

The Present tense is used to discuss actions currently happening or certain situations that regularly happen and are ongoing. It can also be used to make a point about a certain phenomenon.

Present Simple

We employ the present simple to reflect on our daily lives, including what we do every day or what is generally true. The most rudimentary type of the present tense.

• Used for regular activities or routines.


• A set of words that can be used alongside the tense include always, often, never and sometimes for example.


• Structure: Subject + base verb (he/she/it adds –s or –es).

This is the tense generally applied for actions that do not change over time for example, habitual actions or facts. For example, "The sun rises in the east."

Present Continuous

The Present Continuous is also called Present Progressive and it is employed when describing actions that are taking place at the present time or some time in the current vicinity.

• For new actions or processes that are going on but not permanently.


• It is stressing something that at this point in time, that something is occurring.


• Structure: Subject + am/is/are + verb + -ing.

This tense expresses the time of an action in which something was done, and that time really is the focus of such phrases." For example, "I am reading a book right now."

Present Perfect

This aspect has its centre in the present, so everything connected with the action describes an event in context from some moment in the past. It is used when telling about an action whose beginning is in the past and whose relevance touches point in time in the present.

• Generally has with them already, yet, just, ever, never, etc.


• Structure: Subject + have/has + Third form of the verb.

This tense is about experiences or done actions which has relation with the present time. For example, "She has visited Paris."

Present Perfect Continuous

This aspect emphasises on the actions which commenced at a certain time in the past and which still have impact in the present time.

• In this tense, the attention is focused on how long the activity does in its performance.


• Structure: Subject + have/has been + verb in present participle.

For instance, "They have been working here for the past three years." The circumstance originated in the past and still exists at the present time.

2. Past Tense.

The Past Tense is used for the statements or actions that took place at any point in time before the present instance. Use it to give information regarding events that have been completed.

Past Simple.

The Past Simple describes actions that took place in the past, and both started and ended at a certain particular time.

• Collections of details for most of the past, sometimes together with expressions of time such as yesterday, last week or in 1995.


• Structure: Subject + verb in the second form (for regular verbs the ending -ed; irregular verbs: there are several forms).

Ordinary language is used for telling past events in a sequence, "He went to school by foot." It was finished in the past.

Past continuous.

In the recurring circumstances where one occurrence is being recounted within another, the past continuously creates a distinction for the duration of an action that occurred around a specific point in time within the past.

• It is quite common for this to be done together with whilst or used to shift between two separate and coinciding events.

Active Form Passive Form In passive construction, the patient is the focus of the sentence and the agent is emphasised. All sentences must include a subject and verb. How the subject of the action comes across in the sentence is what passive construction is.

The passive construction is useful for drawing attention to the act rather than the doer of the act. Passive voice construction is fundamentally diverse but may use the following model:.

"Do not disturb" could be an example. In all tenses other than the future tense, it has the possibility of being voiced. An example would be, "Do you know that Lava is considered to be the hottest substance on the Earth?".

Also, in terms of supported synchronous translation models, any Passive voice sentence must have an unmarked structure.

Future Tense

The Future Tense is used to talk about actions or events that have not occurred yet, but will take place at some point in the future.

Simple Future

• The words will or shall are often colloquially attached to this form of the verb.


• Structure: Subject + will + base form of the verb.

This tense is useful for… Our English classes will be able to say that it is useful to talk about the future, for instance saying, "I will travel to Japan next year."

Future Continuous

The Future Continuous includes actions or events that will be in progress or will have begun before a certain point in time in the future and that are often pre-scheduled. It has no actions of its own, being only a grammatical tool that allows for the description of certain things.

• Structure: Subject + will be + verb + -ing.

This tense provides a feeling of an ongoing future action, for instance – tomorrow at this time, I shall be flying to New York.

Future Perfect

Future Perfect covers the changes and actions that contain finished integration. The integration will be done by a certain date or a limited period.

• Structure: Subject + will have + past participle of the verb.

Such a form is used when some changes will be completed by a certain time, for instance "By next week I will have finished my project."

Future Perfect Continuous

This tense denotes actions or tasks, the completion of which will last for an extensive amount of time from the present till a specific point in time in the future.

• Structure: Subject + will have been + verb + –ing.

Let's take this example, "By next June, I will have been studying English for three years."

Aspect of Tenses

Grasping the aspect of tenses makes it easier to know the duration and nature of an activity. There are four aspects in English tenses:

• Simple: A single or isolated act or completed task.


• Continuous: Activities in action or progressing in timeframe.


• Perfect: An activity that is performed and is done by a specific set timeframe.


• Perfect Continuous: An activity that has begun and has not stopped ongoing but must be completed at a particular time.

With each of the three tenses (present, past, and future), respond to one of these four aspects for a more detailed time and action description. The aspect is selected on the basis of what the speaker wants to highlight further whether it is the action's completion or action's duration.